Structural Principles to Medium Rise Buildings

Question: Discuss about the Structural Principles to Medium Rise Buildings. Answer: Site Specific Footing Systems In any kind of construction work, footing and foundation of the structure under construction is inarguably the most vital constituent of the whole design. The reason behind such importance is obviously because of the fact that the whole structure will be constructed on the foundation which will bear its total weight and grant stability to it. Several factors and conditions can lead to the creation of a poor footing system with disastrous consequences. Soil properties of different sites vary greatly irrespective of the soil profile. Site and soil investigation through geotechnical reports can be very advantageous both in large scale construction projects and in small scale or residential construction cases. In case of medium rise buildings, the total construction budget may not allow for a holistic analysis of soil properties and creation of a complete geotechnical report, however, a minimum amount of investigation should be done into understanding the type of soil, soil movement, soi l profile and other key elements since the characteristics of soil must be completely and properly understood in order to create the perfect and most stable footing and foundation system with appropriate reinforcement systems (International Building Code, 2006). Sites are classified according to a number of properties; one of the most commonly used and very important aspects of the soil is the expected ground surface movement and depth to which the movement takes place. The soil on which the construction project is undertaken consists of very deep expansive clays which are subjected to high amounts of wetting and drying and as a result experiences surface movements which are in excess of130 mm. Thus, this site has been classified as Extremely Reactive Sites which are subjected to extreme ground movement of above 75 mm. due to deep seated moisture changes. Expansive soils pose a number of problems. A proper construction of a footing system actually seals the surface of the ground and prevents any kind of natural changes in moisture content of the soil from occurring, due to rail or evaporation of moisture. Now in case of expansive soils, the moisture content of the soil changes all around the perimeter of the building under construction due to either increased rainfall or drainage, a particular dishing effect will take place where as the ground under the foundation expands more than the ground around it. And in case, the soil perimeter around the fou ndation becomes drier than the soil underneath it, footings will gradually begin to depress as a doming effect is created due to soil contraction. This makes the whole foundation of the building comprehensively unstable (Douglas Partners, 2015). According to the soil geotechnical report, as stated before, the ground is subjected to extreme lateral movement due to high content of expansive clay. The report itself has been created by registered design professionals. The report has reinforced the initial assumptions that the oil is expansive in nature and soil tests are to be performed to determine the level of expansion and ground surface movement. Observations and investigations were done by exploratory soil boring and creating test pits. Exploratory boring were done by registered personnel to assess soil constituents and accordingly classify the soil with respect to them. The report thus puts forth certain factors provisions that clearly classify the soil to be expansive in nature and thus subjected to excessive ground surface movement. The four provisions fulfilled are: Plasticity Index (PI) of around 17, where an index of 15 or greater proves that the soil is expansive in nature. According to the geotechnical report, more than ten percent of the soil particles had passed through a Number 200 sieve of pored diameter of around seventy five micrometre. Again more than ten percent of the soil particles have been found to have a diameter of less than five micrometers. Expansion index observed has been found to be more than twenty. Adjustable Stump Footing System The construction types selected for the development of the medium rise building was selected in accordance to the properties, characteristics and subsequent classification of the soil. Clad frame construction with construction of metal frame which is clad on the exterior by sheet materials which are not at all sensitive whatsoever to any minor lateral movement. The maximum amount of differential deflection which this particular framed construction can stand is about forty millimetres (Mishra G., 2014). And, coming to the subject of discussion, the footing system utilized in medium rise building construction project are built of Adjustable Stumps. These stumps are designed in accordance to those principles of civil engineering which primarily and specifically deal with the coping mechanism of expansive soils. This particular type of footing system consists of steel stumps which are directly cast into bored piers made of concrete. On the top of the metallic stump, an adjustable top is fixed and this top can be easily adjusted after completion of all construction work and modifications, in order to make sure that the building remains at the desired level and height. The stumps can support suspended and lightweight framed flooring systems and even normal conventional flooring systems. The concrete bored pier is typically of a diameter of around 300 to 450 millimetres and extends down to a length that surpasses the depth of seasonal moisture changes, making the footing system verifiabl y stable. Reinforcement measures such as sleeves and belled bases can also be added to enhance and improve performance of the stump footing system (Mishra, 2014). Fig 1. Adjustable Pier Footing System Source: (Votano and Sunindijo, 2014) Another important element of the adjustable stump footing system is the usage of bored or screwed in piers. Their usage is necessary in order to reinforce footings systems such as suspended slabs or adjustable stumps. These piers are added to improve the stability and performance of these footing systems on expansive soils. The spires are able to provide support to the footing system from a depth which is lower than that of the soil depths which are affected seasonal moisture variations (Designing Structures In Expansive Clay: A Guide For Architects And Engineer, 2005). The top portions of such piers are designed to be sleeved by a smooth pier liner, thereby allowing the soil to expand upwards around the pier with a minimum amount of influence. And in case of the bottom of the footing system, the piers provide support anchoring in the ground from a depth lower than the influencing zone. For acquiring the best performance, the pier reinforcing system is arranged and distributed aroun d all the footings of the building and not just along the building perimeter. Concrete Slab Footing System Another type of footing system utilized in the construction of the medium rise building is the concrete slab footing type. This particular footing system type has the added advantage of acting as both the flooring and the footing of the building. The flooring system is suspended and has been framed with piers and stumps. The concrete slabs are laid on the ground and forma continuous footing. The floors of those sections of the building, where the concrete slab footing system has been utilized, are connected to the ground or the foundation using the raft slab design. Waterproofing of the slab has been done in the form of a plastic membrane covering so as to prevent moisture absorption. The slab on ground footing system is the most commonly used footing system used in the country, as it combines all of the elements which form the base or foundation of a building. Appropriate precautions have been taken with regards to prevention of moisture absorption or damage by termites (Rajagopalan and Elkadi, 2014). Raft slabs concrete system used in the construction project have been designed to have large beams which are moulded into a grid beneath the slab and are tied to it by reinforcement bars, so that they act as a cohesive unit. Grid beams are poured simultaneously with the pouring of the slab panels. Fig 2. Concrete Slab Footing Source: (Rajagopalan and Elkadi, 2014). Material Information Wide varieties of construction materials are involved in any kind of construction project, large of small. For earthwork purposes of the involved construction project, aggregates such as gravels are used as supports beneath slabs of concrete foundations and for drainage system beneath the ground. Coarse aggregates used are known as chips of stone or gravel whereas the finer variety of aggregates used are sand. In the project, several different kinds of coarse aggregates have been used such as pea gravel, river gravel, crushed stone chips etc. The concrete used in the construction project consist of Type 1 Normal Portland Cement and are mixed with different aggregates and admixtures such as gravel, sand to produce a fast setting and extremely hard stable concrete mixture. The mix used is 10 percent cement, 15 percent water, 25 percent fine aggregates and 45 percent coarse aggregates with a small amount of air that gets automatically entrapped within the concrete mixture. The admixtures used in the concrete mixture consist of accelerators and water reducers. It is an obvious fact that the whole construction project is to be built using reinforced concrete, that is, the concrete mixture used is cast around reinforced steel bars with provide a high tensile strength to the structure in addition to high compressive strength. Number 14 bars are used in the construction project (County Of Los Angeles Department Of Public Works, 2011)t. The brick masonry utilized in the project is kiln burned bricks along with concrete bricks. The metals utilized in the project are mainly consisted of ferrous metals such as iron and steel (Bowles, 1998). Lumbers and plywood have been used to construct doors windows along with their frames, to construct panelling moulding etc. Surfaced lumber has been used throughout the project. The plywood utilized in the project is constituted of the same surface finished lumber and has a modular uniform size, usable in different situations. Finishing building materials used in the project are gypsum wallboard and plaster; ceramic tiles of 4 x 6 ; plate float glass and thermal insulation is provided using flexible reflective insulation. Site Excavation Work Plan A soil excavation work plan typically consists of several sub plans guidelines. A sampling analysis Plan which involves provisions of sample collection procedures and citing the requirements of field screening also assurance control procedures require for removal is one of the first and most important constituent of the excavation work plan and has been accordingly included. A health and safety plan in relation to the construction work must be drawn before the excavation and removal activities are initiated. These plans are formulated in accordance to the laid down rules and guidelines of the relevant authorities. Approved schedule plans and routine charts are another requirement of a successful excavation plan and thus added (Excavation Work Plan, 2007). Acquirement of necessary permits from the municipality and other concerned authorities is another essential requirement for any kind of excavation and subsequent construction activity or work, which forms a part of the excavation work plan. Profiling of waste materials and proper management of water dumping is to be properly done before execution of the excavation work plan. Detection of any kind of underground utility such as water supply, gas supply etc. is another important constituent factor and appropriate steps are to be defined in the excavation work plan to take those utilities into consideration during execution of eth work. All activities related to mobilization of all equipments, vehicles, personnel are described in their appropriate section in the excavation work plan. The guidelines regarding the dumping proper disposal of any kind of hazardous and contaminated materials obtained during excavation are described in detail in the work plan. A provision to screen the constituents of the excavated soil has been added to the excavation report in order to detect the presence of any harmful or contagious elements. Any kind of backfilling and compaction if necessary are done using the instruction in the work plan. Clean fill is to be done using soil from an offsite source (Environmental Resources Management, 2011). Fig 3. Excavation of Site Source: (Votano and Sunindijo, 2014) Reinforcement Systems The minimum amount of reinforcement in footing slab constructed in the project has been found to be around 0.12% and the maximum spacing which has been specified is around 3 times the effective depth or 450mm, the lower value been chosen. Typically, only tensile reinforcement is provided. Furthermore, the total reinforcement shall be provided uniformly for the square footings. In case of rectangular footings, a central band is to be constructed which has a breadth equal to the width of the footing. The reinforcement in the central band which is to be provided is in accordance with the following equation. Where, B= footings long side / footings short side (Nathaniel S. and Michael J., 1998). Any columns foundation needs adequate amounts of strengthening as a varied number and type of additional loads are applied on it. Widening and strengthening of existing foundations are to be carried out through the construction of a pile system which will reinforce the existing footings. The foundation and the footing are supported using piles driven into the ground. Typically, a group of piles are used and they are topped by a pile cap, which is a large block of concrete into which all of the piles are embedded. (Dot.state.fl.us, 2016). Grade beams are used in conjunction with the piles which help in transferring the loads from the load bearing footings onto the pile caps and into the pile support system. Grade beams also help to withstand large moments from lateral loads and help to stabilize the footing system through effective reinforcement (Foundation-repair-guide.com, 2007). Pile support systems are able to bear higher amounts of loads than any other kind of footing support system. Fig. 4 Pile Support System Source: (Votano and Sunindijo, 2014) The isolated footing system utilized in the construction projectby increasing the size of the footing and the reinforcement steel bars as follows: Excavation of the area around the footing Proper cleaning and subsequent roughening of the concrete surface. Installation of dowels at 25-30cm spacing in both the directions of the footing using a proper and suitable epoxy material. Fastening all new steel bars along with the dowels by the usage of steel wires. The number and diameter of the steel bars which are to be utilized must be in accordance to the design and dimensions of the footings. The surface of the footing is to be coated with a suitable bonding agent so that proper and sufficient amount of bonding is achieved between the old concrete and the newly added concrete. The new concrete mixture is poured onto the new concrete before the crying of the bonding agent. Moreover, the new concrete is to contain a non shrinking admixture material (Mishra, 2014). The advantages of using a pile system for footing reinforcements and support are numerous. Pile support system boasts several advantages such as: High Strength Fast Setting Long Lasting Increased stability No disruptive weight added In some cases, the bearing area of footing is to be increased along with strengthening of the column, in such cases the additional support from the reinforcement system helps in transferring soil pressure on the extended foundation area appropriately along the foundation.Transfer of soil pressure to the existing footings which are without reinforcements is done by excavationwhich is properly done belowtheexistingfooting. Thus, reinforcement addition should make sure that the building is properly supported and any kind of settlement of the foundation has been successfully avoided (Page, 2012). In cases where a tendency of the new concrete to split from the old concrete is observed, sufficient numbers of well anchored/welded hoops are added to avoid and completely eliminate this particular problem (Mishra, 2013). Fig 5. Concrete Slab Footing with foundation Source: (Page, 2012) Concrete Placement Techniques A number of concrete placement techniques were utilized in order to place concrete at different areas of the construction site. Boom pump have been used in some cases to place concrete mixtures in certain area. They offer a varied number of benefits and advantages regarding the placement of concrete in walls. The reach of the boom tube helps in minimizing and in some cases outright eliminating the need necessity for relocation of the concrete hose or pump at the site. The hose is every easy to manoeuvre all around the perimeter of the construction project and the associated automatic controls helps and assists greatly to properly manage the concrete mixture flow rate throughout the pour(American PolySteel, LLC, 2005). Concrete conveyors were used in some cases and in other cases, concrete has been placed directly from the truck chutes of the elephant concrete mixer trucks. Concrete which has placed in its final resting or placing position is placed there before the cement reaches its initial setting state and the concrete which is thus compacted in that final position is made to do so within a time frame of around 30 minutes of leaving the mixture intact. Once the placed concrete is compacted, it is not disturbed and allowed to settle harden accordingly (Mishra, 2015). Concrete is placed in every section of the construction project in successive horizontal layers which are of uniform thickness that range from 150 mm to 900 mm. The concrete is to be placed as rapidly as possible and practicable; this is to prevent any kind of formation of any cold joints or planes of any weakness between each of the successive layers within the poured concrete mixture. Fig 6. Concrete Placement using boom tubes Source: (Love et al. 2001) References American PolySteel, LLC, (2005).C.19 Concrete Placement. PS3000 Installation Manual Step-By-Step Procedures. [online] Available at: https://www.polysteel.com/manual/ps3000/ps3000m089-094.pdf?lbisphpreq=1 [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. County Of Los Angeles Department Of Public Works, (2011).Foundation Requirements On Expansive Soil. Los Angeles: County Of Los Angeles Department Of Public Works Building And Safety Division. Designing Structures In Expansive Clay: A Guide For Architects And Engineer. (2005). Datum Engineering, Inc. Dot.state.fl.us. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.dot.state.fl.us/construction/training/Drill%20Shaft/9_Place_Method.htm [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Douglas Partners, (2015).Site Classification Report Summary. Canberra. Environmental Resources Management, (2011).Soil Excavation IRM Work Plan. ERM Project Number 0128459. New York: Environmental Resources Management. Excavation Work Plan. (2007). Basis Of Design Report Appendix D Cooper Drum Company Superfund Site March 2007 URS Group, Inc. Page 1 Contract No. 68-W-98-225/WA No. 047-RDRD-091N. Foundation-repair-guide.com. (2007).Expansive Soil Problems and Solutions. [online] Available at: https://www.foundation-repair-guide.com/expansive-soil.html [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. International Building Code. (2006). New Jersey. E. 1988. Foundation Analysis and Design. McGraw-Hill. Love, P., Irani, Z., Li, H., Cheng, E. and Tse, R. (2001). An empirical analysis of the barriers to implementing e-commerce in small-medium sized construction contractors in the state of Victoria, Australia. Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management, 1(1), pp.31-41. Mishra, G. (2013).Reinforcement Detailing Of Isolated Footing. [online] The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/reinforcement-detailing-of-isolated-footing/8486/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Mishra, G. (2014).Design Of Reinforced Concrete Foundations. [online] The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/design-of-reinforced-concrete-foundations/7325/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Mishra, G. (2014).SOIL Investigation And Foundation Types. [online] The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/foundations/soil-investigation-foundation-types/26/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Mishra, G. (2014).Strengthening Of Foundations. [online] The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/strengthening-of-foundations/1945/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Mishra, G. (2015).Proper Methods For Concrete Placement. [online] The Constructor. Available at: https://theconstructor.org/concrete/proper-methods-concrete-placement/7526/ [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Nathaniel S., F. and Michael J., C. (1998).Geopier Foundation Soil Reinforcement Manual. [online] Available at: https://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/geotech/references/Ground_Improvement/12-Foundation_and_Soil_Reinforcement_Manual.pdf [Accessed 8 Aug. 2016]. Page, A. (2012). The Evolution Of The Design And Construction Of Masonry Buildings In Australia. Gesto Tecnologia de Projetos, 7(2). Rajagopalan, P. and Elkadi, H. (2014). Energy Performance of Medium-sized Healthcare Buildings in Victoria, Australia- A Case Study. Journal of Healthcare Engineering, 5(2), pp.247-260. Votano, S. and Sunindijo, R. (2014). Client Safety Roles in Small and Medium Construction Projects in Australia. Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 140(9), p.04014045. Wang, C.-K. and C. G. Salmon. 1992. Reinforced Concrete Design . HarperCollins.

The Advantages of Essay Topics about Literature

The Advantages of Essay Topics about Literature Some individuals live their lives based on their religion even though others don't think you should factor that into decision making in regards to determining rules for everybody. In every nation, they obey legal laws. You will be hard-pressed to discover many books which don't deal with death somehow or another. Obviously, you can pick merely a single book, a lot of them deserve an exclusive research. Education scholars are continuously evolving the way that they think about how we learn and what's taught. It is a good idea to prevent argument essay topics on moral issues because they don't support logical discussion. Argumentative essay topics are so important since they are debatableand it's critical to at all times be critically contemplating the world around us. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. The original idea of writing the thesis is to supply the reader with a summary that's general and at the identical time engaging. So, it's a significant foundation for assorted epic stories! Indian epic poetry isn't, actually, the oldest poetry on earth, because there's evidence of older poetry that was not properly documented. To compose a fantastic argumentative essay the students first must investigate several sides of the argument, allowing them to make an educated stance. Essay Topics about Literature - Overview Shock Literature isn't really Literature in the legitimate sense and shouldn't be given serious consideration for a genre. MP3 music ought to be free. Writing the exact first draft 7. Review the present Literature tendencies. Morality has a collection of unsolved problems, the solution on which usually presents a selection. Dissertation writing solutions can easily be obtainable online. Change them in accordance with your requirements. Furthermore, there are a number of considerations to remember to be able to pick an adequate heading. You are going to be surrounded by writing professionals throughout the plan of order placement, and when you opt to purchase essay and select an allocated writer, things are likely to get even more exciting. It is possible to also offer the write-up to some other man or woman to experience the job. Perhaps you thought it will be effortless to select a topic by yourself, but the truth is that you are able to end up sitting with a blank paper for a number of hours. Literature essay topics allow you to narrow back on a sure idea or detail, it's important to pick the essay topics you're interested in. At our essay assistance, essays are always delivered in a brief moment. An essay was defined in an assortment of means. Writing an essay is an arduous work, so should you need some essay composing help first of all the you have to read our great suggestions on essay writing. You may also emphasize the book or piece that you mean to cope with. The decision of the essay needs to be firm and sum up the full article. Be attentive to the size it must be and begin writing the narrative essay outline. It is very important to lay out quotes correctly because it shows you're professional of what you're doing. The Benefits of Essay Topics about Literature At times you might require some expert help with argumentative essay topics. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! If you wish to be sure you have a distinctive topic for your essay, you may look through the overall directions of our topics and hunt to learn more on the web. The subject of a post determines the points which are going to be used. Life is far better than it was 50 decades ago. Cell phones shouldn't be used while driving. Literature analysis, therefore, gives you the opportunity to escape from real life and venture into a zone that doesn't have any strain and sadness. School should happen in the evenings. Literature is an essential portion of a kid's education and it should find more focus in the classroom. Students ought to be permitted to pray in school.

The Best Topic to Talk About With Your Friends

The Best Topic to Talk About With Your FriendsIf you are searching for some topics to talk about with your friends or spouse, you can be sure that you will find a lot of great ideas on the Internet. Sometimes, it can be tough to find one. And you will need to do a little research if you want to learn how to find the topics that are most interesting and bring out the best in your conversation. Read on to discover some great topics that you can use to your advantage.Sometimes, when people go out for dinner, they think about how to spend the night and then wonder what they will talk about at the end of the evening. You might think about what kind of music you are going to play while you are having the dinner party. Or, you might think about some of the things that your spouse is going to say to you in the course of the conversation. Whatever your situation, you are going to be able to find a lot of ideas by talking about this topic at the end of the evening.The second way to discover so me great topics is to go online and search for them. There are a lot of websites that are filled with topics that people are talking about. For example, there are forums, blogs, and even websites devoted to these topics.If you have just started blogging, you might not know that you can find a lot of topics by posting on a few different topics at a time. For example, if you are just starting out on your blog, you can put up a new post and write a few posts about why you are starting your blog. Then, after a while, you can start talking about other topics. This is a good way to make sure that you are providing information to your readers.You will find that there are many ways to find topics to talk about. Once you decide on the topic, you need to determine how you will talk about it. Some topics that you can talk about include politics, business, religion, and other things. However, you might find that you cannot always talk about everything that you want to discuss with your friends. It may also be a good idea to make a notebook of all the topics that you talk about when you are at home. You can do this before you begin your blog or article. For example, if you want to write an article on how to cure insomnia, you might find it easier to write in the notebook as you see how the topic is going to work. Once you find the topics that you are comfortable with, you will know how to talk about them to others.These are just a few ways to discover topics to talk about. Remember that you can always look around the Internet to see if you are not already doing this.

Ideas For Topics For A Research Paper For 9th Grade

Ideas For Topics For A Research Paper For 9th GradeIdeas for topics for a research paper for 9th grade come in handy when you are working on your assignment. However, you will want to choose topics that are relevant to your interests and help you learn more about the subject of your project.First, let's discuss why you are going to be doing this work. Whether you realize it or not, it is a great chance to do some extra work outside of school. You can use this time to create important research and also do a little bit of writing.There is one important idea that you should include in your work. This is something that may have been part of your lesson plan but you didn't think to mention it. Your research paper for 9th grade should include an overview of the history of the topic. It will help you get a better understanding of how it relates to the present and you can also gain some information that you didn't already know.In addition to a research paper for the 9th grade, you should con sider doing a research paper for middle school as well. When you work on both high school and middle school projects, you will also find that you will be able to write a bit more creatively.Research work is also a great way to explore topics that you are interested in. You may want to take a closer look at areas of interest in your life.Whatever you do, make sure you decide whether you are going to write a research paper for middle school or high school before you begin. In addition to the subjects discussed here, there are many other ideas for topics for a research paper for high school.You can use these ideas for topics for a research paper for high school to help you learn more about the subject of your project. Of course, you should also decide which topic is more suitable for your own particular interests.

Writing a Physical Therapy Sample Essay

Writing a Physical Therapy Sample EssayIf you're considering starting a career in the medical field, it's a good idea to take a few minutes and learn how to write a physical therapy sample essay. Not only will this be a huge advantage in landing a job, but it will also allow you to begin focusing on your personal qualities that will make you stand out from the competition.For many people, being able to provide for themselves and their families is a big factor in deciding to pursue a health care job. While you may have worked hard all your life, these are not the days where someone's health is at stake. While health care jobs are certainly not for everyone, it is a great way to get paid well while having a job you enjoy doing.Physical therapy isn't just for elderly people anymore. Today, there are several options available to the working middle class adult. This career can be done from home, making it easier to take care of your family. If you enjoy working with your hands, then this may be an ideal career choice for you.So, what are some of the main things you need to know when writing a physical therapy sample essay? First, you should understand the things that the employer will look for in an applicant. After all, employers don't want to hire someone who isn't able to offer themselves up for critical evaluations.Your resume needs to highlight both your strength and your weakness. If you're going to show your enthusiasm, there's no better way to do that than to offer a small anecdote about yourself. In addition, if you're going to be able to provide for your family, you should be able to show why your ability to provide will be valuable to the employer.One thing that can go wrong with a physical therapy sample essay is to make your resume look like you'reapplying for another job. Some employers have a tendency to reject applications because they think that the job seeker is trying to scam them. This is very unfair to everyone involved. If you are applying for physical therapy jobs, you don't want to be seen as being dishonest.So, when writing a physical therapy sample essay, you want to leave yourself open to the idea that you could be showing up for your interview prepared. If you aren't prepared, then that interview could be all but a loss. Of course, there's nothing wrong with doing something you want to, but if you aren't ready, then you should admit it up front and find other ways to prepare for your interview. Physical therapy offers many benefits, but remember that you need to demonstrate that you can contribute to the company and your ability to handle the workload can help you land the job you really want.

Naughts and Crosses Essay Example

Naughts and Crosses Essay Tic Tac Toe Tic-Tac-Toe is a game in which you’re faced with a simple objective. It’s a game which has limited advancements and once it becomes familiar, the game is likely to end in a draw. No winner or loser! In a similar way, this novel is an illustration of the tic-tac-toe board as a society, in which your perceptions about people are dominated by prejudice and discrimination. At a glance, this novel may seem like a narration which cannot be correlated with an adolescent’s life but it impacts the reader’s perceptions on the prejudice which our society masks. Adolescence is a time when a person’s morals and opinions are formed and this novel can influence upon your judgements dramatically. Therefore it’s beyond question whether this book is suitable for year 10 students and the ReadPlus website. The relevance of this novel can also be justified through the valid themes and issues portrayed. Blackman has also conveyed a range of audacious personalities through the deep values and attitudes they embrace. The daring characterisation, the intense settings and the suspenseful turn of events captivates audience interest throughout the novel. Thus I believe that this novel is a suitable read for all adolescents. In today’s society, themes and issues showcased through various forms of media have an immense impact upon teenagers; however this novel has managed to influence teenagers in a positive way. To begin with, the novel focuses on a range of sensitive topics such as power and prejudice in a minimalistic yet powerful way. This is clearly illustrated when Sephy says, â€Å"Like, you’re in one place and I’m in another, with a huge, great wall between us. † (P. 26) This dialogue by Sephy highlights the racial wall which segregates their society. We will write a custom essay sample on Naughts and Crosses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Naughts and Crosses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Naughts and Crosses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In addition, alternate history has also been used to enhance audience interest. This novel has reversed the race-relations which occurred in history. Therefore, â€Å"Noughts and Crosses† can be separated from all other fictions which relate to prejudice and racism. Furthermore, Blackman has also managed to incorporate issues which are relevant to adolescents. These include teenage pregnancy and alcohol addiction. At present, these themes and issues are of significance to the intended audience; therefore I believe that this novel is an inspiring read for all adolescents. Audience engagement is ensured through the wide array of values and attitudes portrayed throughout the novel. The novel displays the racist and superior values of the Crosses through the poor treatment of the noughts. Their elite attitudes were illustrated during Callum’s first day of school. Together all the Crosses recited, â€Å"No blankers in our school! † (P. 54)This quotation highlights the racial hierarchy present in their society which is comparable to the white-dominant history we held. In contrast, the noughts display the values of freedom and equality. This is illustrated through the formation of the rebellion group which is fighting for justice. Lastly, the two protagonists show individuality and conformity through their actions, values and attitudes. For instance, Callum values equality and freedom he pursues this through his involvement in the rebellion group whereas Sephy is going against her society’s beliefs and practices through her association with someone of an inferior class. The values and attitudes portrayed in this novel are relatable to the teenage audience as social factors such as peer pressure and popularity usually influence our decisions. Hence, this novel is showcasing positive morals appropriate for year 10 students. The effective display of characterisation, setting and events will demand audience attention. The author’s descriptions are brief and the author tends to be direct rather than elaborative. The following narration is an example, â€Å"They were real good friends, no barriers, and no boundaries. †(P. ) This quote illustrates her brief and simple language usage. Nonetheless, her direct approach doesn’t compromise detail, especially when it comes to the setting. The entire plot is reliant upon the setting. The dystopian society which the author has created is totalitarian. This is showcased in the novel through the dictatorship style of government the society abides by. In a nutshell, the story describes the friend ship between the two protagonists. The events in the novel aspire to represent a deep relationship which is challenged by the racial divisions within the society. Consequently, this novel is relevant to the intended audience. On reflection, it’s undeniable that the book, â€Å"Noughts and Crosses† is a suitable read for all year 10 students. The novel will modify any stereotypical views which you may have held on racism as it reverses the two variables around. We all believe that justice and peace are the key to a society but are we still locked out within the brick walls of discrimination and prejudice or is that just letting our past define the present?

Drug Courts in the United States

Drug Courts in the United States Free Online Research Papers Drug courts in The United States have three main goals which are rehabilitating participants, reducing the use of drugs and reducing recidivism. Drug courts and treatment programs are more effective then the incarceration of nonviolent drug offenders. The use of drug courts are effectively fighting the budget problems that US criminal justice system are experiencing due to the cost of treatment programs compared to the cost of incarceration. Drug courts can be defined as special court calendars or dockets designed to achieve a reduction in recidivism and substance abuse among nonviolent, substance abusing offenders by increasing their likelihood for successful rehabilitation through early, continuous, and intense judicially supervised treatment; mandatory periodic drug testing; and the use of appropriate sanctions and other rehabilitation services (Drug Courts: Overview of Growth, Characteristics, and Results, Government Accountability Office, 1997). Participants for drug courts undergo frequent court appearances, incentives, sanctions, long term treatment and counseling. When treatment programs are successfully completed the participant may get their charges dismissed or reduced. Drug courts not only put legal obligations on drug offenders but the mandatory treatment and counseling they receive grant the participants the necessary tools to rebuild their lives. According to the Bureau of Justice Assistance there were 2,038 fully operating drug courts in The Untied States and 226 that were in the planning stages, as of July 2009. A statistic created by the Bureau of Justice Statistics in 2001 stated that between the years of 1984 and 1999 the number of defendants charged with a drug offense in the Federal courts increased from 11,854 to 29,306. Due to the increase in drug offenses the first drug court was created in1989 in Miami Florida when Judge Herbert M. Klein was troubled by the disabling effects that drug offenses were wreaking the Dade County Courts. Judge Klein became determined to â€Å"solve the problem of large numbers of people on drugs† (Miami’s Drug Court: A Different Approach,1993) Drug Courts across The United States share three primary goals. The first is to reduce recidivism or reduce the revolving door of crime and drugs by providing treatment to drug-addicted criminal offenders. Only 3.3% of participants who completed the treatment programs successfully were rearrested in the first six months after being released compared to the 12.1% of inmates who did not receive treatment. Compared with other offenders, drug court participants have lower recidivism rates, even if they do not finish the program. The second goal is to reduce substance abuse among participants. Drug court participants are less likely to use drugs after completing the treatment programs compared to drug users who are incarcerated and do not participate in treatment programs.20.5% of participants in the drug treatment programs used drugs within six months after being released. 36.7% of drug violators who were incarcerated used drugs within six months of being released. The third goal is to rehabilitate participants by successfully completing the treatment programs. Participants who went through a drug court are 15% less likely to repeat their offences than those who did not go through a specialized drug court. Drug court participants report that interactions with the judge are one of the important influences on the experience they have while in the program. More drug courts are being established to deal with first and second offenders rather than the normal use of the criminal justice system. The motivation has been more of a financial necessity than the need to make America drug free. While analyses on the effectiveness of drug courts are still ongoing, research indicates that drug courts can reduce recidivism and promote other positive outcomes such as saving the country money. Drug treatment programs are less expensive then long term incarceration. In 1998 there were 417,784 drug offenders in federal prison, state prison, and jail. Also in 1998 it was estimated that of the $38 billion were spent on corrections that year more than $30 billion was spent incarcerating individuals who had a history of drug or alcohol abuse, were convicted of drug or alcohol violations, were using drugs or alcohol at the time of their crimes, or had committed their crimes to get money to buy drugs. Drug courts are more cost effective then the standard US courts. Drug courts free up criminal justice recourses to use against violent and other serious criminal offences. On average it cost $5,928 for one person to complete a drug treatment program. It cost more than $20,000 to incarcerate a person for one year. The Average sentence for drug trafficking is 3.5 years, which is a total of $70,000, saving the country $64,072. Drug courts are effectively accomplishing there three primary goals of reducing recidivism, reducing substance abuse among participants and rehabilitate participants, while also saving billions of dollars to be used against serious and violent criminals. In the Spotlight. (2010). Retrieved November 06, 2010 from National Criminal Justice Reference Service: ncjrs.gov. Drug Treatment in the Criminal Justice System. (2008). Retrieved November 04, 2010 from Office of National Drug Control Policy: whitehousedrugpolicy.gov. Drug Court Review. (2010). Retrieved November 01, 2010 from National Drug Court Institution: ndci.org. Drug Courts. (2010). Retrieved November 06, 2010 from Minnesota Judicial Branch: mncourts.gov/. 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